KOZJEK, Dominik ;BRAČUN, Drago ;JEROMEN, Andrej ;CARTER III, Fred M. ;PODRŽAJ, Primož ;GOVEKAR, Edvard .
Coaxial monitoring of meltpool for laser powder bed fusion process control.
Articles in Press, [S.l.], v. 0, n.0, p. , august 2026.
ISSN 0039-2480.
Available at: <https://www.sv-jme.eu/sl/article/coaxial-monitoring-of-meltpool-for-laser-powder-bed-fusion-process-control/>. Date accessed: 10 nov. 2026.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/.
Kozjek, D., Bračun, D., Jeromen, A., Carter III, F., Podržaj, P., & Govekar, E.
(0).
Coaxial monitoring of meltpool for laser powder bed fusion process control.
Articles in Press, 0(0), .
doi:http://dx.doi.org/
@article{.,
author = {Dominik Kozjek and Drago Bračun and Andrej Jeromen and Fred M. Carter III and Primož Podržaj and Edvard Govekar},
title = {Coaxial monitoring of meltpool for laser powder bed fusion process control},
journal = {Articles in Press},
volume = {0},
number = {0},
year = {0},
keywords = {PBF-LB/M process; coaxial monitoring; meltpool; light emission; wavelength; review; },
abstract = {Laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M), also known as selective laser melting (SLM), is a promising additive manufacturing (AM) process, enabling the creation of complex shapes and material properties that are impossible to be made in any other way. However, despite the advantages offered by this AM process, its widespread adoption is yet to be achieved, due to several pressing issues that need to be resolved. One critical challenge that remains is determining which process variables should be monitored, and how they should be measured, to enable corrective control actions that prevent defects such as lack-of-fusion and keyhole porosity. According to the literature the most promising approach is coaxial measurement of light emitted from the meltpool area. More than two hundred research studies on coaxial monitoring of the meltpool have been performed, but there is still no validated and reliable method for measuring suitable variable that could be directly used as an input for high-resolution control of the PBF-LB/M process. This work reviews existing research studies on coaxial meltpool monitoring and identifies potential future research and development directions toward a standard and reliable meltpool monitoring method. The most beneficial monitoring variable for control seems to be the meltpool depth, but only five attempts were made to coaxially estimate the meltpool depth during the PBF-LB/M process. Despite the attempts, there is no sufficiently validated method for high-resolution coaxial monitoring of meltpool depth in PBF-LB/M. The potential solution seems to be in combining concepts and recent discoveries from two-color coaxial camera- and photodiode-based meltpool area monitoring approaches. Based on the existing literature and hands-on experiences with establishing and working with coaxial monitoring systems, this work also provides guidelines and lists most common challenges for implementing coaxial monitoring of the meltpool in the PBF-LB/M process.},
issn = {0039-2480}, pages = {}, doi = {},
url = {https://www.sv-jme.eu/sl/article/coaxial-monitoring-of-meltpool-for-laser-powder-bed-fusion-process-control/}
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Kozjek, D.,Bračun, D.,Jeromen, A.,Carter III, F.,Podržaj, P.,Govekar, E.
0 August 0. Coaxial monitoring of meltpool for laser powder bed fusion process control. Articles in Press. [Online] 0:0
%A Kozjek, Dominik
%A Bračun, Drago
%A Jeromen, Andrej
%A Carter III, Fred M.
%A Podržaj, Primož
%A Govekar, Edvard
%D 0
%T Coaxial monitoring of meltpool for laser powder bed fusion process control
%B 0
%9 PBF-LB/M process; coaxial monitoring; meltpool; light emission; wavelength; review;
%! Coaxial monitoring of meltpool for laser powder bed fusion process control
%K PBF-LB/M process; coaxial monitoring; meltpool; light emission; wavelength; review;
%X Laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M), also known as selective laser melting (SLM), is a promising additive manufacturing (AM) process, enabling the creation of complex shapes and material properties that are impossible to be made in any other way. However, despite the advantages offered by this AM process, its widespread adoption is yet to be achieved, due to several pressing issues that need to be resolved. One critical challenge that remains is determining which process variables should be monitored, and how they should be measured, to enable corrective control actions that prevent defects such as lack-of-fusion and keyhole porosity. According to the literature the most promising approach is coaxial measurement of light emitted from the meltpool area. More than two hundred research studies on coaxial monitoring of the meltpool have been performed, but there is still no validated and reliable method for measuring suitable variable that could be directly used as an input for high-resolution control of the PBF-LB/M process. This work reviews existing research studies on coaxial meltpool monitoring and identifies potential future research and development directions toward a standard and reliable meltpool monitoring method. The most beneficial monitoring variable for control seems to be the meltpool depth, but only five attempts were made to coaxially estimate the meltpool depth during the PBF-LB/M process. Despite the attempts, there is no sufficiently validated method for high-resolution coaxial monitoring of meltpool depth in PBF-LB/M. The potential solution seems to be in combining concepts and recent discoveries from two-color coaxial camera- and photodiode-based meltpool area monitoring approaches. Based on the existing literature and hands-on experiences with establishing and working with coaxial monitoring systems, this work also provides guidelines and lists most common challenges for implementing coaxial monitoring of the meltpool in the PBF-LB/M process.
%U https://www.sv-jme.eu/sl/article/coaxial-monitoring-of-meltpool-for-laser-powder-bed-fusion-process-control/
%0 Journal Article
%R
%&
%P 1
%J Articles in Press
%V 0
%N 0
%@ 0039-2480
%8 2026-08-03
%7 2026-08-03
Kozjek, Dominik, Drago Bračun, Andrej Jeromen, Fred M. Carter III, Primož Podržaj, & Edvard Govekar.
"Coaxial monitoring of meltpool for laser powder bed fusion process control." Articles in Press [Online], 0.0 (0): . Web. 10 Nov. 2026
TY - JOUR
AU - Kozjek, Dominik
AU - Bračun, Drago
AU - Jeromen, Andrej
AU - Carter III, Fred M.
AU - Podržaj, Primož
AU - Govekar, Edvard
PY - 0
TI - Coaxial monitoring of meltpool for laser powder bed fusion process control
JF - Articles in Press
DO -
KW - PBF-LB/M process; coaxial monitoring; meltpool; light emission; wavelength; review;
N2 - Laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M), also known as selective laser melting (SLM), is a promising additive manufacturing (AM) process, enabling the creation of complex shapes and material properties that are impossible to be made in any other way. However, despite the advantages offered by this AM process, its widespread adoption is yet to be achieved, due to several pressing issues that need to be resolved. One critical challenge that remains is determining which process variables should be monitored, and how they should be measured, to enable corrective control actions that prevent defects such as lack-of-fusion and keyhole porosity. According to the literature the most promising approach is coaxial measurement of light emitted from the meltpool area. More than two hundred research studies on coaxial monitoring of the meltpool have been performed, but there is still no validated and reliable method for measuring suitable variable that could be directly used as an input for high-resolution control of the PBF-LB/M process. This work reviews existing research studies on coaxial meltpool monitoring and identifies potential future research and development directions toward a standard and reliable meltpool monitoring method. The most beneficial monitoring variable for control seems to be the meltpool depth, but only five attempts were made to coaxially estimate the meltpool depth during the PBF-LB/M process. Despite the attempts, there is no sufficiently validated method for high-resolution coaxial monitoring of meltpool depth in PBF-LB/M. The potential solution seems to be in combining concepts and recent discoveries from two-color coaxial camera- and photodiode-based meltpool area monitoring approaches. Based on the existing literature and hands-on experiences with establishing and working with coaxial monitoring systems, this work also provides guidelines and lists most common challenges for implementing coaxial monitoring of the meltpool in the PBF-LB/M process.
UR - https://www.sv-jme.eu/sl/article/coaxial-monitoring-of-meltpool-for-laser-powder-bed-fusion-process-control/
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author = {Kozjek, D., Bračun, D., Jeromen, A., Carter III, F., Podržaj, P., Govekar, E.},
title = {Coaxial monitoring of meltpool for laser powder bed fusion process control},
journal = {Articles in Press},
volume = {0},
number = {0},
year = {0},
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TY - JOUR
AU - Kozjek, Dominik
AU - Bračun, Drago
AU - Jeromen, Andrej
AU - Carter III, Fred M.
AU - Podržaj, Primož
AU - Govekar, Edvard
PY - 2026/08/03
TI - Coaxial monitoring of meltpool for laser powder bed fusion process control
JF - Articles in Press; Vol 0, No 0 (0): Articles in Press
DO -
KW - PBF-LB/M process, coaxial monitoring, meltpool, light emission, wavelength, review,
N2 - Laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M), also known as selective laser melting (SLM), is a promising additive manufacturing (AM) process, enabling the creation of complex shapes and material properties that are impossible to be made in any other way. However, despite the advantages offered by this AM process, its widespread adoption is yet to be achieved, due to several pressing issues that need to be resolved. One critical challenge that remains is determining which process variables should be monitored, and how they should be measured, to enable corrective control actions that prevent defects such as lack-of-fusion and keyhole porosity. According to the literature the most promising approach is coaxial measurement of light emitted from the meltpool area. More than two hundred research studies on coaxial monitoring of the meltpool have been performed, but there is still no validated and reliable method for measuring suitable variable that could be directly used as an input for high-resolution control of the PBF-LB/M process. This work reviews existing research studies on coaxial meltpool monitoring and identifies potential future research and development directions toward a standard and reliable meltpool monitoring method. The most beneficial monitoring variable for control seems to be the meltpool depth, but only five attempts were made to coaxially estimate the meltpool depth during the PBF-LB/M process. Despite the attempts, there is no sufficiently validated method for high-resolution coaxial monitoring of meltpool depth in PBF-LB/M. The potential solution seems to be in combining concepts and recent discoveries from two-color coaxial camera- and photodiode-based meltpool area monitoring approaches. Based on the existing literature and hands-on experiences with establishing and working with coaxial monitoring systems, this work also provides guidelines and lists most common challenges for implementing coaxial monitoring of the meltpool in the PBF-LB/M process.
UR - https://www.sv-jme.eu/sl/article/coaxial-monitoring-of-meltpool-for-laser-powder-bed-fusion-process-control/
Kozjek, Dominik, Bračun, Drago, Jeromen, Andrej, Carter III, Fred M., Podržaj, Primož, AND Govekar, Edvard.
"Coaxial monitoring of meltpool for laser powder bed fusion process control" Articles in Press [Online], Volume 0 Number 0 (03 August 2026)
