MA, Qun ;LIU, Sihan ;WU, Jie ;SU, Pengtao ;LIU, Xuedong .
Analysis of the Formation Mechanism of Surface Waviness in Tooth Profile Cold Roll-Beating.
Articles in Press, [S.l.], v. 0, n.0, p. , june 2026.
ISSN 0039-2480.
Available at: <https://www.sv-jme.eu/article/analysis-of-the-formation-mechanism-of-surface-waviness-in-tooth-profile-cold-roll-beating/>. Date accessed: 05 oct. 2026.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/.
Ma, Q., Liu, S., Wu, J., Su, P., & Liu, X.
(0).
Analysis of the Formation Mechanism of Surface Waviness in Tooth Profile Cold Roll-Beating.
Articles in Press, 0(0), .
doi:http://dx.doi.org/
@article{.,
author = {Qun Ma and Sihan Liu and Jie Wu and Pengtao Su and Xuedong Liu},
title = {Analysis of the Formation Mechanism of Surface Waviness in Tooth Profile Cold Roll-Beating},
journal = {Articles in Press},
volume = {0},
number = {0},
year = {0},
keywords = {surface waviness, formation mechanism, cold roll-beating, waviness curve, wave height; },
abstract = {Cold roll-beating of tooth profiles represents an efficient and environmentally sustainable metal forming process. Because cold roll-beating constitutes a discontinuous forming process, it inherently generates periodic waviness on the tooth surface and at the root. This paper first derives an analytical equation to calculate the waviness curve at the tooth root based on the kinematics of the cold roll-beating process. Subsequently, this study executes a finite element (FE) simulation of the process to extract the resulting root waviness curve. The simulated wave height is significantly larger than the analytical prediction, with the wave trough measuring 0.02 mm higher than the tooth root circle. To investigate material flow behavior, this research establishes a slip-line field model of the deformation zone and utilizes FE software to map the velocity vectors of the metal particles. The research demonstrates that: the analytical method fails to accurately predict the waviness curve; metal bulging ahead of the roller constitutes the primary cause of tooth surface waviness; and the final waviness profile emerges from the continuous overlapping of these localized material bulges. These findings effectively explain why the minimum inter-roller distance in actual production must be slightly smaller than the diameter of the tooth root circle. Physical experiments conducted on a custom-built testing machine measure the sample’s root waviness, yielding results that align closely with the FE simulations. These experimental results subsequently validate the theoretical analysis.},
issn = {0039-2480}, pages = {}, doi = {},
url = {https://www.sv-jme.eu/article/analysis-of-the-formation-mechanism-of-surface-waviness-in-tooth-profile-cold-roll-beating/}
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Ma, Q.,Liu, S.,Wu, J.,Su, P.,Liu, X.
0 June 0. Analysis of the Formation Mechanism of Surface Waviness in Tooth Profile Cold Roll-Beating. Articles in Press. [Online] 0:0
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%! Analysis of the Formation Mechanism of Surface Waviness in Tooth Profile Cold Roll-Beating
%K surface waviness, formation mechanism, cold roll-beating, waviness curve, wave height;
%X Cold roll-beating of tooth profiles represents an efficient and environmentally sustainable metal forming process. Because cold roll-beating constitutes a discontinuous forming process, it inherently generates periodic waviness on the tooth surface and at the root. This paper first derives an analytical equation to calculate the waviness curve at the tooth root based on the kinematics of the cold roll-beating process. Subsequently, this study executes a finite element (FE) simulation of the process to extract the resulting root waviness curve. The simulated wave height is significantly larger than the analytical prediction, with the wave trough measuring 0.02 mm higher than the tooth root circle. To investigate material flow behavior, this research establishes a slip-line field model of the deformation zone and utilizes FE software to map the velocity vectors of the metal particles. The research demonstrates that: the analytical method fails to accurately predict the waviness curve; metal bulging ahead of the roller constitutes the primary cause of tooth surface waviness; and the final waviness profile emerges from the continuous overlapping of these localized material bulges. These findings effectively explain why the minimum inter-roller distance in actual production must be slightly smaller than the diameter of the tooth root circle. Physical experiments conducted on a custom-built testing machine measure the sample’s root waviness, yielding results that align closely with the FE simulations. These experimental results subsequently validate the theoretical analysis.
%U https://www.sv-jme.eu/article/analysis-of-the-formation-mechanism-of-surface-waviness-in-tooth-profile-cold-roll-beating/
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Ma, Qun, Sihan Liu, Jie Wu, Pengtao Su, & Xuedong Liu.
"Analysis of the Formation Mechanism of Surface Waviness in Tooth Profile Cold Roll-Beating." Articles in Press [Online], 0.0 (0): . Web. 05 Oct. 2026
TY - JOUR
AU - Ma, Qun
AU - Liu, Sihan
AU - Wu, Jie
AU - Su, Pengtao
AU - Liu, Xuedong
PY - 0
TI - Analysis of the Formation Mechanism of Surface Waviness in Tooth Profile Cold Roll-Beating
JF - Articles in Press
DO -
KW - surface waviness, formation mechanism, cold roll-beating, waviness curve, wave height;
N2 - Cold roll-beating of tooth profiles represents an efficient and environmentally sustainable metal forming process. Because cold roll-beating constitutes a discontinuous forming process, it inherently generates periodic waviness on the tooth surface and at the root. This paper first derives an analytical equation to calculate the waviness curve at the tooth root based on the kinematics of the cold roll-beating process. Subsequently, this study executes a finite element (FE) simulation of the process to extract the resulting root waviness curve. The simulated wave height is significantly larger than the analytical prediction, with the wave trough measuring 0.02 mm higher than the tooth root circle. To investigate material flow behavior, this research establishes a slip-line field model of the deformation zone and utilizes FE software to map the velocity vectors of the metal particles. The research demonstrates that: the analytical method fails to accurately predict the waviness curve; metal bulging ahead of the roller constitutes the primary cause of tooth surface waviness; and the final waviness profile emerges from the continuous overlapping of these localized material bulges. These findings effectively explain why the minimum inter-roller distance in actual production must be slightly smaller than the diameter of the tooth root circle. Physical experiments conducted on a custom-built testing machine measure the sample’s root waviness, yielding results that align closely with the FE simulations. These experimental results subsequently validate the theoretical analysis.
UR - https://www.sv-jme.eu/article/analysis-of-the-formation-mechanism-of-surface-waviness-in-tooth-profile-cold-roll-beating/
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author = {Ma, Q., Liu, S., Wu, J., Su, P., Liu, X.},
title = {Analysis of the Formation Mechanism of Surface Waviness in Tooth Profile Cold Roll-Beating},
journal = {Articles in Press},
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number = {0},
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TY - JOUR
AU - Ma, Qun
AU - Liu, Sihan
AU - Wu, Jie
AU - Su, Pengtao
AU - Liu, Xuedong
PY - 2026/06/10
TI - Analysis of the Formation Mechanism of Surface Waviness in Tooth Profile Cold Roll-Beating
JF - Articles in Press; Vol 0, No 0 (0): Articles in Press
DO -
KW - surface waviness, formation mechanism, cold roll-beating, waviness curve, wave height,
N2 - Cold roll-beating of tooth profiles represents an efficient and environmentally sustainable metal forming process. Because cold roll-beating constitutes a discontinuous forming process, it inherently generates periodic waviness on the tooth surface and at the root. This paper first derives an analytical equation to calculate the waviness curve at the tooth root based on the kinematics of the cold roll-beating process. Subsequently, this study executes a finite element (FE) simulation of the process to extract the resulting root waviness curve. The simulated wave height is significantly larger than the analytical prediction, with the wave trough measuring 0.02 mm higher than the tooth root circle. To investigate material flow behavior, this research establishes a slip-line field model of the deformation zone and utilizes FE software to map the velocity vectors of the metal particles. The research demonstrates that: the analytical method fails to accurately predict the waviness curve; metal bulging ahead of the roller constitutes the primary cause of tooth surface waviness; and the final waviness profile emerges from the continuous overlapping of these localized material bulges. These findings effectively explain why the minimum inter-roller distance in actual production must be slightly smaller than the diameter of the tooth root circle. Physical experiments conducted on a custom-built testing machine measure the sample’s root waviness, yielding results that align closely with the FE simulations. These experimental results subsequently validate the theoretical analysis.
UR - https://www.sv-jme.eu/article/analysis-of-the-formation-mechanism-of-surface-waviness-in-tooth-profile-cold-roll-beating/
Ma, Qun, Liu, Sihan, Wu, Jie, Su, Pengtao, AND Liu, Xuedong.
"Analysis of the Formation Mechanism of Surface Waviness in Tooth Profile Cold Roll-Beating" Articles in Press [Online], Volume 0 Number 0 (10 June 2026)
